Introducing SaniFOAM : a framework to analyze sanitation behaviors to design effective sanitation programs

This paper introduces SaniFOAM (F for Focus, O for Opportunity, A for Ability and M for Motivation), a conceptual behaviour change framework that can be used both in community-led and in sanitation marketing approaches. It is designed to help program managers and implementers to promote sanitation at all stages of their interventions. The paper describes the four elements of the framework and provides examples from formative research findings and field-based experiences. The objectives of the paper are to: Demonstrate the value of using SaniFOAM to program managers; Illustrate how SaniFOAM can be applied at different stages of program implementation; and Validate SaniFOAM for all types of sanitation promotion programs. SaniFOAM is one of the tools being developed in the Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project. The project is currently applying SaniFOAM in three countries: Tanzania, Indonesia and India. Most notably, in East Java, Indonesia, the SaniFOAM framework has been used to design qualitative and quantitative surveys, develop communication materials supporting community-led efforts aimed at eradicating open defecation and design a strategy aimed at strengthening the supply of sanitation products and services.